Non-malignant gynaecological disease and risk of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025)

1. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4570-7945Giorgia Elisabeth Colombo1,2,
2. Yahya Mahamat-Saleh3,
3. Mike Armour4,5,
4. Kedar Madan6,7,
5. Angelo Sabag8,
6. Marina Kvaskoff9,
7. Stacey A Missmer10,11,
8. George Condous7,12,
9. Faraz Pathan6,13,
10. Mathew Leonardi14,15

1. ¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
2. ²Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
3. ³International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
4. ⁴NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
5. ⁵Medical Research Institute of New Zealand (MRINZ), Wellington, New Zealand
6. ⁶Department of Cardiology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
7. ⁷The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
8. ⁸Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
9. ⁹Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, CESP, 94805 Villejuif, France
10. ¹⁰Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
11. ¹¹Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
12. ¹²Acute Gynaecology, Early Pregnancy and Advanced Endosurgery Unit, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
13. ¹³Charles Perkins Centre, Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
14. ¹⁴Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
15. ¹⁵Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide School of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

1. Correspondence to Dr Giorgia Elisabeth Colombo; giorgiaecolombo{at}gmail.com

Footnotes

• X @drgecolombo, @AngeloSabag, @mathewleonardi

• Contributors GEC acted as guarantor and was involved in study design, search strategy, study selection, data extraction, data interpretation, risk of bias and study quality assessment, and drafting of the manuscript. YMS was involved in study design, statistical analysis, data interpretation, risk of bias assessment, and editing of the manuscript. MA was involved in study design, statistical analysis, data interpretation, and editing of the manuscript. KM was involved in study design, search strategy, study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and editing of the manuscript. AS was involved in study design, search strategy, study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and editing of the manuscript. MK was involved in study design, data interpretation, and editing of the manuscript. SAM was involved in study design, data interpretation, and editing of the manuscript. GC was involved in study design and editing of the manuscript. FP was involved in study design, search strategy, data interpretation, and editing of the manuscript. ML was involved in study design, search strategy, data interpretation, and drafting of the manuscript.

• Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

• Competing interests MA reports a leadership position in the advisory board of Endometriosis Australia. SAM reports participation on a past advisory board of AbbVie and Roche, roundtable participation for Abbott, a position as Field Chief Editor for Frontiers in Reproductive Health; conference travel or honoraria from WES and Mayo Clinic; board or committee membership for current - SWHR, WERF, and WES, and past - ASRM and ESHRE; and grants from AbbVie, National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, Marriot Family Foundations outside the submitted work. GC reports honoraria from Samsung and GE healthcare; participation on the board for International Deep Endometriosis Analysis (IDEA), Clinical Data Miner (CDM) Steering Committee, and IMAGENDO Steering Committee; the following leadership positions: WFUMB President Elect, ISUOG Co-Chair Scientific Committee, Head of Discipline OBSGYN Sydney Medical School Nepean, Head of Department Gynaecology Nepean Hospital, World Endometriosis Society Ambassador, Australasian Society of Ultrasound in Medicine DDU Board; receipt of a Samsung ultrasound machine and GE Healthcare ultrasound machine; and grants from Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) (Australia) for development imaging AI in endometriosis, Australasian Society Ultrasound in zmedicine (ASUM) grant, RANZCOG Norman Beischer Grant, outside the submitted work. FP receives consulting fees from Boston Consulting Group and Alpha Sights.A/Prof Leonardi reports consulting fees from AbbVie, Hologic, Imagendo, and Chugai Pharmaceutical; personal fees from GE Healthcare, Bayer, TerSera, and AbbVie; and grants from CanSAGE, AbbVie, AIMA/SOPHIE, Hyivy/MITACS/SOPHIE, Hamilton Health Sciences, Endometriosis Australia, Medical Research Future Fund/Imagendo, and Health Canada outside the submitted work. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.

• Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

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